Awareness about vulvovaginal aesthetics procedures among medical students and health professionals in saudi arabia

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to explore the opinion and ethical consideration of vulvovaginal aesthetics procedures (VVAPs) among health professionals and medical students in Saudi Arabia. Methods This is a cross-sectional study performed between January 2020 and April 2020. Data was collected through electronic media, WhatsApp, and emails. The results were analyzed by applying the Students t-test, and correlations were considered significant if they presented a p-value<0.05. Results There is significant demand to educate doctors, health professionals, medical students, and gynecologists for the VVAPs to have a solid foundation, justified indications, and knowledge about various aesthetic options. Although female doctors, medical students, young doctors, and gynecologists have more knowledge about VVAPs, all health professionals ought to be aware of recent trends in vulvovaginal aesthetics (VVA). The present analysis determined that VVA should be under the domain of gynecologists, rather than under that of plastic surgeons, general surgeons, and cosmetologists. Themajority of the participants considered that vaginal rejuvenation, "G-spot" augmentation, clitoral surgery, and hymenoplasty are not justifiable on medical grounds. Conclusion The decision to opt for different techniques for vaginal tightening and revitalization should be taken very carefully, utilizing the shared decision-making approach. Ethical aspects and moral considerations are important key factors before embarking in the VVAPs purely for cosmetic reasons. Further research is required to determine the sexual, psychological, and body image outcomes for women who underwent elective VVAPs. Moreover, medical educators must consider VVAPs as part of the undergraduate and postgraduate medical curriculum.

A divulgação da cirurgia íntima no Brasil: normas de gênero, dilemas e responsabilidades no campo da cirurgia plástica estética / The dissemination of intimate surgery in Brazil: gender norms, dilemmas, and responsibilities in the field of aesthetic plastic surgery / La divulgación de la cirugía íntima en Brasil: normas de género, dilemas y responsabilidades en el campo de la cirugía plástica estética

Diversas fontes de dados têm identificado a labioplastia ou ninfoplastia, dedicada à redução dos pequenos lábios, como uma intervenção estética muito procurada por mulheres e adolescentes brasileiras, sendo que o Brasil é o país que mais faz este tipo de cirurgia. Este ensaio discute como se promove e quem produz a divulgação desta imagem de aumento da demanda e do número de cirurgias realizadas. Está embasado em análise de artigos em periódicos científicos, material de imprensa e outros documentos; e ancorado no cruzamento entre os estudos sociais da ciência e da tecnologia, os estudos de gênero e a antropologia do corpo e da saúde. Por meio deste recorte, analisa como o campo da cirurgia plástica, ou mais precisamente seus representantes mais atuantes na mídia e na produção bibliográfica, pode atuar na criação de determinadas demandas de intervenção, por meio da promoção de normas classificatórias, tecnologias biomédicas e divulgação de resultados com ênfase nos benefícios projetados. Conclui que, apesar da falta de consenso sobre o que seria a hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios, a cirurgia tem sido muito indicada e praticada e contribui para a (re)produção de padrões estritos associados ao gênero feminino e a uma certa noção de "normalidade" corporal. Poucas referências mencionam que a divulgação das técnicas operatórias e mesmo deste tipo de cirurgia no consultório médico seria um fator relevante para entender o fenômeno. Sugere que o papel de médicos/as na promoção desta possibilidade de intervenção estética cirúrgica que, como qualquer prática deste tipo, não é isenta de riscos e efeitos inesperados, precisaria ser alvo de um debate mais aprofundado.

Various data sources have identified labiaplasty or nymphoplasty, aimed at the reduction of the labia minora, as an aesthetic intervention in high demand by Brazilian women and adolescents, with Brazil as the world's leading country in the performance of this surgery. This essay discusses how and by whom the dissemination of this image is promoted and produced, with the increase in demand and in the number of surgeries performed. The study is based on an analysis of scientific journals, press stories, and other documents. The approach employs a cross-analysis of social studies of science and technology, gender studies, and anthropology of the body and health. The article analyzes how the field of plastic surgery, or more precisely its more active representatives in the media and in research output, can act to create certain demands for surgical intervention through the promotion of classificatory norms, biomedical technologies, and the publication of results with emphasis on the projected benefits. Despite the lack of consensus on the definition of hypertrophy of the labia minora, the surgery has been widely indicated and practiced and contributes to the (re)production of narrow standards associated with female gender and a certain notion of the "normal" body. Few references mention that publicizing the surgical technique and even this type of surgery in the physician's office may be a relevant factor for understanding the phenomenon. The article suggests that the physician's role in the promotion of this possibility for aesthetic surgical intervention, like any such practice, is not free of risks and unexpected effects and should be the target of a more in-depth debate.

Diversas fuentes de datos han identificado la labioplastia o ninfoplastia, dedicada a la reducción de los labios menores, como una intervención estética muy solicitada por mujeres y adolescentes brasileñas, siendo Brasil el país donde más se realiza este tipo de cirugía. Este ensayo discute como se promueve y quién dirige la divulgación de esta imagen de aumento de la demanda y número de cirugías realizadas. Está basado en el análisis de artículos en periódicos científicos, material de prensa y otros documentos; y anclado en el cruce entre los estudios sociales de ciencia y tecnología, estudios de género y antropología del cuerpo y de la salud. Mediante esta reducción, analiza como el campo de la cirugía plástica, o más precisamente sus representantes más activos en los medios y producción bibliográfica, pueden actuar en la creación de determinadas demandas de intervención, mediante la promoción de normas clasificatorias, tecnologías biomédicas y divulgación de resultados con énfasis en los beneficios proyectados. Concluye que, a pesar de la falta de consenso sobre lo que sería la hipertrofia de los labios menores, la cirugía ha sido muy recomendada y practicada, así como que contribuye a la (re)producción de patrones estrictos asociados con el género femenino y a una cierta noción de "normalidad" corporal. Pocas referencias mencionan que la divulgación de las técnicas operatorias, incluidas las de este tipo de cirugía, en el consultorio médico sería un factor relevante para entender el fenómeno. Sugiere que el papel de médicos/as en la promoción de esta posibilidad de intervención estética quirúrgica que, como cualquier práctica de este tipo, no está exenta de riesgos y efectos inesperados, necesitaría ser objeto de un debate más profundo.

Reconstrução de defeito de parede abdominal e vulva após ressecção de endometriomas extracavitários / Reconstruction of abdominal wall and vulvar defects after endometriosis resection

Introdução: Endometriose é a presença de tecido endometrial funcionante (glândulas endometriais e estroma) em localização fora da cavidade endometrial. Implantes endometrióticos extrapélvicos têm sido ocasionalmente descritos na literatura. Métodos: Este é um relato de caso de uma paciente do serviço de cirurgia plástica do autor, operada em setembro de 2013 em um hospital de Brasília-DF. O trabalho seguiu os princípios de Helsinque e o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi realizado. Resultados: O trabalho se trata de uma paciente de 30 anos que apresentava dismenorreia, dor e parestesia em região inguinal direita, nódulo endurecido em grande lábio direito com cicatrizes de duas ressecções de focos de endometriose. A equipe de ginecologia realizou ressecção endoscópica das lesões cavitárias, do conteúdo do canal inguinal, do nódulo no grande lábio direito, da cicatriz umbilical e parte da aponeurose. Após se instalarem os defeitos de parede abdominal e vulva, a cirurgia plástica realizou a reconstrução com retalho de abdome inferior randômico, baseado lateralmente, como um dos vértices de uma zetaplastia. Conclusão: O retalho descrito no trabalho é uma alternativa na reconstrução da região inguinal e vulva, em casos de grandes defeitos, obtendo um resultado satisfatório.

Introduction: Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of functional endometrial tissue (endometrial glands and stroma) outside the uterine cavity. However, only a few cases of extrapelvic endometriosis have been described in the literature. Methods: This study reports the case of a patient from the author's plastic surgery service who underwent surgery in September 2013 at a hospital in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the patient signed an informed consent form. Results: A 30-year-old female patient presented with dysmenorrhea, pain, and paresthesia in the right inguinal region as well as a firm nodule in the labia majora with scars from two surgical resections of endometriosis. The gynecology team performed endoscopic resection of the uterine cavity lesions, inguinal canal content, nodules in the right labia majora, umbilical scar, and part of the aponeurosis. The abdominal wall and vulvar defects caused by the resection were repaired using a laterally based random lower abdominal flap as one of the vertices of a Z-plasty. Conclusion: The flap described in this study is an alternative and satisfactory method for repairing large defects in the inguinal and vulvar regions.

Refinamentos estéticos na aparência da vulva na cirurgia de adequação genital / Esthetic refinements to the appearance of the vulva in sex reassignment surgery

Introdução: A cirurgia de adequação genital tem se mostrado uma opção segura e confiável, com redução drástica na disforia e melhora da qualidade de vida das pessoas transgênero. A técnica mais estudada e utilizada é a inversão peniana com suas modificações, com aparência estética e funcionalidade adequadas, porém sem padronização da técnica cirúrgica. Índices de até 38% de satisfação parcial e 15% de insatisfação podem levar até 66% dos casos a realizar procedimentos adicionais. O objetivo é sugerir refinamentos estéticos na aparência da vulva e comparar com algumas das técnicas descritas, buscando aumentar a satisfação estética e funcional pós-operatória. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com 7 pacientes submetidas à cirurgia de readequação sexual entre agosto de 2017 e fevereiro de 2018. O clitóris é feito com a glande em formato de tridente, utilizando a coroa para construir os corpos cavernosos do clitóris e aumentar a área de sensação erógena. Faixa de prepúcio é usada para aumentar a cobertura do clitóris e cobrir a face interna dos pequenos lábios, que são definidos com o uso de suturas. Resultados: Sensibilidade adequada e satisfação com o resultado e capacidade de orgasmo em todas as pacientes observadas. Não houve estenose, fístula ou necrose do clitóris com essa técnica. Somente 1 caso precisou de procedimento adicional para melhor definição estética. Conclusão: A técnica apresentada tem alta satisfação das pacientes e sensibilidade erógena, com algumas vantagens em relação a outras técnicas. Porém, estudos prospectivos com número maior de pacientes são necessários para definir a técnica cirúrgica mais efetiva.

Introduction: Sex reassignment surgery is a reliable and safe option, which has drastically reduced dysphoria and improved the quality of life of transgender individuals. The most studied and used technique is penile inversion with modifications, which results in appropriate esthetic appearance and functionality, but the surgical technique has not been standardized. Partial satisfaction rates up to 38% and dissatisfaction rates of 15% may cause up to 66% of cases to undergo additional procedures. The objective is to suggest esthetic refinements to the appearance of the vulva and compare some of the techniques described, seeking to increase the postoperative esthetic and functional satisfaction. Methods: A retrospective study with 7 patients undergoing sex reassignment surgery between August 2017 and February 2018 was conducted. The clitoris is constructed with the glans in the form of a trident, using the corona to build the corpus cavernosa of the clitoris and increase the area of erogenous sensation. A section of the prepuce is used to increase the coverage of the clitoris and cover the inner surface of the labia minora, which are defined with the use of sutures. Results: Adequate sensitivity and satisfaction with the result and capacity of orgasm in all patients were observed. There was no stenosis, fistula, or necrosis of the clitoris with this technique. Only 1 case needed an additional procedure for better esthetic definition. Conclusion: The technique presented leads to high patient satisfaction and erogenous sensitivity, with some advantages compared to other techniques. However, prospective studies with larger numbers of patients are needed to define a more effective surgical technique.

Survey on Aesthetic Vulvovaginal Procedures: What do Portuguese Doctors and Medical Students Think? / Inquérito sobre procedimentos estéticos vulvovaginais: qual a opinião dos médicos e estudantes de medicina portugueses?

Abstract Objective To assess themedical doctors andmedical students' opinion regarding the evidence and ethical background of the performance of vulvovaginal aesthetic procedures (VVAPs). Methods Cross-sectional online survey among 664 Portuguese medical doctors and students. Results Most participants considered that there is never or there rarely is amedical reason to perform: vulvar whitening (85.9% [502/584]); hymenoplasty (72.0% [437/607]); mons pubis liposuction (71.6% [426/595]); "G-spot" augmentation (71.0% [409/576]); labia majora augmentation (66.3% [390/588]); labia minora augmentation (58.3% [326/559]); or laser vaginal tightening (52.3%[313/599]).Gynecologists and specialistsweremore likely to consider that there are no medical reasons to performVVAPs; the opposite was true for plastic surgeons and students/residents. Hymenoplasty raised ethical doubts in 51.1% (283/554) of the participants. Plastic surgeons and students/residents were less likely to raise ethical objections, while the opposite was true for gynecologists and specialists. Most considered that VVAPs could contribute to an improvement in self-esteem(92.3% [613/664]); sexual function (78.5% [521/664]); vaginal atrophy (69.9% [464/664]); quality of life (66.3% [440/664]); and sexual pain (61.4% [408/664]). Conclusions While medical doctors and students acknowledge the lack of evidence and scientific support for the performance of VVAPs, most do not raise ethical objections about them, especially if they are students or plastic surgeons, or if they have had or have considered having plastic surgery.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar a opinião de médicos e estudantes de medicina relativamente à evidência e contexto ético para a realização de procedimentos estéticos vulvovaginais (PEVVs). Métodos Estudo transversal, consistindo de inquérito online a 664 médicos e estudantes de medicina portugueses. Resultados A maioria dos participantes considerou que nunca ou raramente há uma razão médica para a realização de: branqueamento vulvar (85,9% [502/584]); himenoplastia (72,0% [437/607]); lipoaspiração do mons pubis (71,6% [426/595]); aumento do "ponto G" (71,0% [409/576]); aumento dos grandes lábios (66,3% [390/588]); aumento dos pequenos lábios (58,3% [326/559]) ou aperto vaginal com laser (52,3% [313/599]). Ser ginecologista e especialista associou-se a maior probabilidade de considerar não haver razões médicas para a realização de PEVV; o oposto foi verdade para os cirurgiões plásticos e estudantes/internos. A himenoplastia levantou dúvidas em termos éticos em 51,1% (283/554) dos participantes. Cirurgiões plásticos e estudantes/internos relatarammenos dúvidas emtermos éticos; o oposto foi verdade para os ginecologistas ou especialistas. Amaioria considerou que os PEVVs podemcontribuir para uma melhoria na autoestima (92,3% [613/664]); função sexual (78,5% [521/664]); atrofia vaginal (69,9% [464/664]); qualidade de vida (66,3% [440/664]); e dor sexual (61,4% [408/664]). Conclusões Ainda que os médicos e estudantes de medicina reconheçam a falta de evidência e bases científicas para a realização de PEVVs, a maioria não levanta objecções em termos éticos, especialmente se forem estudantes, cirurgiões plásticos, ou se eles próprios tiverem sido submetidos a cirurgia plástica ou considerem vir a sê-lo.

Paciente con miasis vulvovaginal posterior a vulvectomía simple / Patient with Vulvo Vaginal Mycosis after Single Vulvectomy

Las miasis son infestaciones en vertebrados vivos causados por las larvas de diversas especies de moscas (dípteros). El objetivo del trabajo es presentar la evolución de este caso por ser una enfermedad muy rara en Cuba. Se presenta una paciente femenina, piel blanca, de 70 años de edad y antecedentes de hipertensión arterial crónica. Hace nueve meses le fue diagnosticado un proceso neoformativo de vulva, motivo por el cual fue intervenida quirúrgicamente hace 39 días en otro centro hospitalario. Ahora acude al cuerpo de guardia por constatarse aumento de volumen en la zona quirúrgica, prurito intenso y secreciones fétidas. Por este motivo fue ingresada para estudio y tratamiento en sala. Se le diagnosticó miasis vulvovaginal. Tuvo una evolución satisfactoria en sala gracias a las curas locales y el tratamiento con antibióticos(AU)

The myiasis are infestations in living vertebrates caused by the larvae of several species of flies (Diptera). The aim of this paper is to present the evolution of this case as a very rare disease in Cuba. A case is presented of a female patient, white skin, 70 years old having a history of chronic hypertension. Nine months earlier, she had been diagnosed with vulvar neoformative process, for which she underwent surgery -39 days before this consultation in another hospital. She went to the emergency room due to an increased volume in the surgical area, severe itching, and fetid secretions. She was admitted in hospital for study and treatment. She was diagnosed vulvovaginal miasis. She had a satisfactory evolution thanks to local cures and treatment with antibiotics(AU9

Labiaplasty and its current status / Plástica de pequenos lábios e suas possibilidades atuais

Introduction: Nymphoplasty or labiaplasty consists of a surgical approach to hypertrophy of the labia minora, and is aimed at correcting asymmetry and removing redundant tissue of the vulva. Hypertrophy of the labia minora is characterized by tissue that exceeds the limits of the labia majora under normal conditions. Surgery is an option in patients who complain of unpleasant odor, urinary infection, interference with sexual activity, and/or personal dissatisfaction; in the latter case, the surgical indication has an aesthetic purpose. The aim of this article was to report our experience with wedge resection of the labia minora in patients with hypertrophy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 53 cases of labiaplasty performed with the wedge resection technique from 2010 to 2015. The results were evaluated for postoperative anatomical appearance, the degree of patient satisfaction, and the effect on sexual activity. Results: Patients were satisfied with the postoperative aesthetic appearance. There was improvement in sexual satisfaction, ability to perform physical activities, and hygiene. No complications were observed, such as suture dehiscence, infection, or tissue necrosis. One patient required reoperation in the postoperative period due to asymmetry of the labia minora. Another patient complained of excessive exposure of the clitoris, but she had preexisting clitoral hypertrophy. Conclusion: Labiaplasty using the wedge resection technique relieved personal discomfort and provided functional and aesthetic improvement. Due to the lack of validation and standardization of labiaplasty techniques, further clinical research should be performed.

Introdução: A ninfoplastia consiste na abordagem cirúrgica da hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios, que visa ao aperfeiçoamento da assimetria destes e do tecido redundante da vulva. A hipertrofia de pequenos lábios caracteriza-se por aqueles que, em posição e condições normais, sobressaem-se aos grandes lábios. A cirurgia tem sido proposta na presença de transtornos, como odor desagradável, infecção urinária, comprometimento da atividade sexual e/ou insatisfação pessoal, cuja indicação cirúrgica possui fins estéticos. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar nossa experiência com a ressecção em cunha dos pequenos lábios nas pacientes que apresentam tal hipertrofia. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 53 casos de ninfoplastia pela técnica de ressecção em cunha, no período de 2010 a 2015. Os resultados foram analisados quanto ao aspecto anatômico no pós-operatório, o grau de satisfação das pacientes e a interferência na atividade sexual. Resultados: As pacientes se mostraram satisfeitas com o aspecto estético pós-cirúrgico. Houve melhora no desempenho sexual, na prática de atividades físicas e condições de higiene. Não foram verificadas complicações, como deiscência de sutura, infecção ou necrose tecidual. Uma paciente precisou ser reoperada devido à assimetria de pequenos lábios no pós-operatório. Outra paciente queixou-se da excessiva exposição do clitóris, porém o mesmo já apresentava discreta hipertrofia prévia. Conclusão: A ninfoplastia pela técnica de ressecção em cunha apresentou benefícios em relação ao desconforto pessoal, melhora funcional e estética. Devido à ausência de validação e padronização nas técnicas de ninfoplastia atuais, novos estudos clínicos devem ser realizados.

Surgical therapy of vulvar cancer: how to choose the correct reconstruction? / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To create a comprehensive algorithmic approach to reconstruction after vulvar cancer ablative surgery, which includes both traditional and perforator flaps, evaluating anatomical subunits and shape of the defect. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 80 cases of reconstruction after vulvar cancer ablative surgery, performed between June 2006 and January 2016, transferring 101 flaps. We registered the possibility to achieve the complete wound closure, even in presence of very complex defects, and the postoperative complications. On the basis of these experience, analyzing the choices made and considering the complications, we developed an algorithm to help with the selection of the flap in vulvoperineal reconstruction after oncologic ablative surgery for vulvar cancer. RESULTS: We employed eight types of different flaps, including 54 traditional fasciocutaneous V-Y flaps, 23 rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps, 11 anterolateral thigh flaps, three V-Y gracilis myocutaneous flaps, three free style perforators V-Y flaps from the inner thigh, two Limberg flaps, two lotus flaps, two deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap, and one superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap. The structures most frequently involved in resection were vulva, perineum, mons pubis, groins, vagina, urethra and, more rarely, rectum, bladder, and lower abdominal wall. CONCLUSION: The algorithm we implemented can be a useful tool to help flap selection. The key points in the decision-making process are: anatomical subunits to be covered, overall shape and symmetry of the defect and some patient features such as skin laxity or previous radiotherapy. Perforator flaps, when feasible, must be considered standard in vulvoperineal reconstruction, although in some cases traditional flaps remain the best choice.

Labioplastía genital, experiencia y resultados en 500 casos consecutivos / Genital labiaplasty, experience and results in 500 consecutive cases

ANTECEDENTES: La cosmetoginecología se ha instalado, no exenta de controversia, en la práctica ginecológica durante la última década. OBJETIVO: Presentar los resultados obtenidos en una serie de 500 labioplas-tías de labios menores realizadas por dos cirujanos en el curso de 10 años. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo del universo de labiobioplastías practicadas por dos cirujanos entre octubre de 2003 y abril de 2014. La decisión de intervención quirúrgica se basó en razones estéticas, funcionales y psicológicas, y no por una clasificación de hipertrofia de labios menores. RESULTADOS: Aproximadamente la mitad se realizó utilizando láser y la otra mitad electrobisturí, sin ventajas de alguna técnica sobre la otra, en cuanto a complicaciones, grado de satisfacción y resultado final estético. Las indicaciones fueron: estética en 95,4% de las intervenciones, funcional en 37,2% y psicológicas en 17,4%. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios en el 99% de las pacientes, según un autoreporte. No hubo complicaciones importantes y sólo en dos casos se presentó hemorragia post operatoria que requirió una sutura. El procedimiento, cuando fue único, fue ambulatorio, requiriendo no más de 8 horas de hospitalización. En esta experiencia, el 46% se asoció a otra cirugía ginecológica. CONCLUSIÓN: A nuestro parecer, la hipertrofia de labios menores, aún cuando pueda considerarse subjetiva, es una condición que merece ser corregida cuando es requerido por la paciente y que las técnicas actuales ofrecen resultados seguros y satisfactorios.

BACKGROUND: Cosmetogynecology is installed, not without controversy, in gynecological practice in the last decade. Aims: We present a descriptive study of 500 labia minora labiaplasty performed by two surgeons in the course of 10 years. METHOD: A descriptive study of the universe of labiobioplastys performed by two surgeons between October 2003 and April 2014. The decision for surgery was based on aesthetic, functional and psychological reasons and not on a classification of labia minora hypertrophy. RESULTS: Approximately, half was performed using laser, and electrocautery the other half, without any technical advantages over the other, in terms of complications, satisfaction and aesthetic final outcome. Indications for surgery were: in 95.4% of interventions, functional in 37.2% and 17.4% psychological. The results were satisfactory in 99% of patients, according to a self-report. There were no major complications and only two cases presented postoperative bleeding that required stitches. The procedure was ambulatory when it was unique, requiring no more than 8 hours of hospitalization. In this experience, 46% was associated with another gynecological surgery. CONCLUSION: In our view, the labia minora hypertrophy, even though it may be considered subjective, is a condition that should be corrected as required by the patient and the current techniques provide safe and satisfactory results.

Ninfoplastia em estrela: técnica para redução dos pequenos lábios vulvares / Star nymphoplasty: a surgical technique for labia minora hypertrophy

Introdução: O cirurgião plástico tem sido consultado com frequência, nos últimos anos, sobre a forma e as dimensões dos pequenos lábios vulvares e outras estruturas circunvizinhas, não só pela questão estética, mas também pela funcional, da dispareunia. Os autores apresentam uma técnica de tratamento estético e funcional da genitália externa feminina, a vulva, com o intuito de corrigir a hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios (ninfas), sem alterar­lhes a forma. Método: A técnica consiste na abordagem do pequeno lábio vulvar, com uma incisão em forma de estrela, produzindo um encurtamento das ninfas tanto ântero-posteriormente como crânio-caudalmente. O estudo é de tipo retrospectivo de um período de 15 anos, com seguimento clínico e cirúrgico de 64 pacientes de sexo feminino, com uma faixa etária entre 14 e 58 anos, todas submetidas à ninfoplastia em estrela, técnica proposta neste estudo. Resultados: Os resultados foram obtidos da ficha dos pacientes operados no período compreendido entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2011, no Hospital da Lagoa e na Interclínica-Centroplástica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro-RJ. Alto índice de satisfação das pacientes com o tamanho e o formato estético da genitália. Houve uma baixa taxa de complicações e queixas residuais. Conclusão: Este ato cirúrgico é feito com o objetivo de remanejar a estrutura tecidual hipertrófica dos pequenos lábios vulvares. De um ponto de vista técnico, pode-se considerar como um procedimento simples e eficaz no tratamento tanto funcional como estético da genitália feminina.

Introduction: In recent years, women have been frequently consulting the plastic surgeon concerning the shape and dimensions of the labia minora and other surrounding structures, not only for aesthetic but also functional reasons, e.g., dyspareunia. The authors present a technique for the aesthetic and functional treatment of the external female genitalia, the vulva, with the purpose of correcting hypertrophy of the labia minora (nymphs), without changing their form. Method: This technique consists in the incision in the shape of a star leading to a shortening of nymphs both anteroposteriorly and craniocaudally. This is a 15-year retrospective study, with clinical and surgical follow-up of 64 female patients with an age range between 14 and 58 years, all submitted to star nymphoplasty, the technique proposed in this study. Results: The results were obtained from the patients operated from January 1996 to December 2011, at the Hospital da Lagoa and at Interclínica-Centroplástica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. A high rate of patient satisfaction with the size and aesthetic shape of the genitalia was achieved. There was a low rate of complications and remaining complaints. Conclusion: This surgical procedure is done with the objective of reshaping the tissue structure of the hypertrophic labia minora. From a technical point of view, it can be considered as a simple and effective functional and aesthetic treatment of the female genitalia.

Clinical application of sartorius tendon transposition during radical vulvectomy: a case control study of 58 cases at a single institution / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of sartorius tendon transposition versus sartorius transposition during bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy of radical vulvectomy. METHODS: A total of 58 vulvar cancer patients who had surgery from May 2007 to October 2013, in which 30 patients received sartorius transposition and 28 patients received sartorius tendon transposition. All patients were matched by age, body mass index, stage, histology, and grade. Intraoperative variables and postoperative complications, recurrence, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) and postoperative life quality were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: No significant differences were found at median surgical times and amounts of bleeding (p=0.316 and p=0.249, respectively), neither at the incidences of groin cellulitis and lymphocele (p=0.673 and p=0.473, respectively), but the recovery times of the inguinal wounds were shorter (p=0.026) and the incidences of wound break and chronic lymphedema were significantly decreased in the tendon transposition group (p=0.012 and p=0.022, respectively). Postoperative quality of life in tendon transposition group was significantly improved as indicated by the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Recurrences were similar (p=0.346) and no significant differences were found at PFS and OS (p=0.990 and p=0.683, respectively). CONCLUSION: Compared to sartorius transposition, sartorius tendon transposition during inguinal lymphadenectomy led to improved patient recovery, reduced postoperative complications, and improved life quality without compromising the outcomes.

Quiste de conducto de Skene en niñas: A propósito de 2 casos clínicos / Skene duct cyst in female newborns: Case reports

Introduction: The Skene duct cyst, classified as a paraurethral cyst, is a rare congenital abnormality in female neonates and it may manifest throughout the course of life. The incidence varies from 1 in 2000 to 3000 female births. Objective: To expose the characteristics and symptoms of a Skene duct cyst at different stages of child development in order to carry out a timely suspicion and diagnosis. Case report: The first case is a female newborn who presented a painless yellowish tumor adjacent to the urethral meatus, which drained spontaneously; the second case is a teenager who consulted due to leucorrhea for a year and a three-centimeter diameter paraurethral injury between the labia minora, which required surgical treatment and study of the paraurethral mass. Conclusions: Based on the literature review, we concluded that the frequency of Skene duct cyst is higher than the number of reported cases. Cyst removal, marsupialization, puncture and aspiration are all effective treatment methods. Spontaneous drainage is also appropriate in certain cases. We suggest the use of the least aggressive technique according to each case.

Introducción: El quiste del conducto de Skene, se describe dentro de los quistes parauretrales, siendo una rara anomalía congénita descrita en neonatos de sexo femenino, que se puede presentar en el transcurso de la vida. La incidencia varía de 1 cada 2.000-3.000 recién nacidos vivos femeninos. Objetivo: Dar a conocer las características y formas de presentación del quiste del conducto de Skene en distintas etapas del desarrollo del niño para su sospecha y diagnóstico oportuno. Casos clínicos: Se presenta una recién nacida con una lesión tumoral amarillenta, adyacente al meato uretral, no dolorosa, que drena espontáneamente y un segundo caso de una adolescente que consulto por leucorrea de un año de evolución, con una lesión parauretral de tres centímetros de diámetro entre labios menores, que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico y estudio de la masa parauretral. Conclusiones: Basado en la revisión de la literatura, concluimos que la frecuencia de los quistes de conducto de Skene es más alta que el número de casos informados. La extirpación, marsupialización, la punción y aspiración del quiste son todos métodos eficaces de tratamiento. El drenaje espontáneo también es una conducta apropiada en ciertos casos. Se sugiere utilizar la técnica menos agresiva acorde a cada caso.

Extramammary Paget's disease: Analysis of 17 Chinese cases.

Background/Objective: Extramammary Paget’s Disease (EMPD) seems to be more common in Caucasians than Chinese. We report the clinical manifestations, management, and prognostic characteristics in 17 Chinese patients. Methods: Medical records and biopsies of 17 patients who had been treated at a large university hospital in China between March 2005 and January 2012 were reviewed. Results: Of the 17 patients, 14 were men. They had lesions on the scrotum and the penis. Of the three women, two had vulvar and one had inguinal lesions. All patients underwent Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). Three men had metastasis to the inguinal lymph nodes and underwent an extensive local excision with inguinal lymphadenectomy. Eight patients who had positive excision margins received additional radiation therapy. The mean follow-up duration was 54 months (4-85 months). One patient had two recurrences. Three had metastasis to the inguinal lymph node. One had metastasis to the bone and concomitant prostate cancer. Two patients died of the disease. Conclusion: A striking difference in presentation of EMPD in Chinese compared with Caucasians is the male predominance and location on the penis and scrotum. Mohs micrographic surgery followed by radiotherapy is an effective treatment. Long-term follow-up suggests that the disease has a good prognosis when it does not metastasise.

Análise do emprego de retalhos fasciocutâneos para reconstrução vulvar imediata / Analysis of the use of fasciocutaneous flaps for immediate vulvar reconstruction

OBJETIVO: Analisar o emprego de técnicas de reconstrução imediata de vulva, pós-ressecção cirúrgica, com retalhos fasciocutâneos das faces medial e/ou posterior da coxa. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte transversal, retrospectivo, para análise do resultado da reconstrução cirúrgica imediata, com retalhos fasciocutâneos em nove pacientes submetidas à vulvectomia, no período de maio de 2009 a agosto de 2010. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 61 anos (variação 36 a 82 anos). Em 56% dos casos, o diagnóstico foi neoplasia intraepitelial vulvar (NIV) tipo usual. A vulvectomia radical foi realizada em 45% das pacientes, a vulvectomia simples em 33% e as ressecções amplas, em 22%. Foram confeccionados 11 retalhos fasciocutâneos, sendo 36,3% de transposições de retalho posterior de coxa, 18,2% de retalhos mediais de coxa, 18,2% de retalhos em avanço em V-Y, 18,2% de retalhos em avanço simples e 9,1% de rotação de retalho de região posterior de coxa. Não houve casos de perdas importantes dos retalhos confeccionados. CONCLUSÃO: Os retalhos fasciocutâneos de coxa são, atualmente, boas opções para a reconstrução imediata da vulva pós-ressecção oncológica devido à preservação da sensibilidade e da disponibilidade tecidual nas áreas doadoras. A associação do Cirurgião Plástico com o Ginecologista oferece tranquilidade às pacientes e determina bons resultados pós-operatórios.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the use of immediate reconstruction techniques of the vulva after surgical resection, with fasciocutaneous flaps of the medial and/or posterior thigh. METHODS: We conducted a transversal, retrospective study to analyse the outcome of immediate surgical reconstruction with fasciocutaneous flaps in nine patients who underwent vulvectomy from May 2009 to August 2010. RESULTS: Mean age was 61 years (range 36-82). In 56% of cases, diagnosis was vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), usual type. Radical vulvectomy was performed in 45% of patients, simple vulvectomy in 33% and wide resections in 22%. Eleven fasciocutaneous flaps were made, of which 36.3% were flap transpositions from the posterior thigh, 18.2% from the medial thigh, 18.2% were in advancement flaps, 18.2% simple advancement flaps and 9.1% flap rotation from the posterior thigh. There were no major losses of the flaps made. CONCLUSION: Thigh fasciocutaneous flaps are currently the best options for immediate reconstruction after resection of vulvar cancer due to the preservation of sensibility and tissue availability in the donor areas. The association of the Plastic Surgeon with the Gynecologist offers tranquility for patients and provides good postoperative results.

Nymphoplasty: classification and technical refinements / Ninfoplastia: classificação e refinamentos técnicos

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophy of the labia minora is a functional and esthetic problem that can have a significant impact on quality of life. Current surgical procedures are based on the excision of excess tissue and reconnection of the edges. However, anatomical alterations associated with labial hypertrophy such as hypertrophy of the foreskin of the clitoris are common, and, if not treated properly, may limit the results of surgery and cause esthetic and functional sequelae. The present report proposes a classification of the different types of hypertrophy and recommended treatments, and describes refinements in the labia minora reduction techniques. METHODS: A total of 20 female genital plastic surgery cases from the Center for Plastic Surgery of Brasilia and at Hospital das Forças Armadas from June 1999 to March 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified into three groups according to the degree and location of labia minora hypertrophy. RESULTS: The patients were satisfied with the esthetic results of surgery. No complications were reported, and all patients underwent surgery of the labia minora in accordance with the protocol proposed by the authors and based on hypertrophy type. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical procedures reviewed in this study were based on the classification of labia minora hypertrophy. Satisfactory esthetic and functional results were obtained, thus providing new methods for the surgical reduction of labia minora and foreskin of the clitoris without surgical stigma or reduction of sensitivity and no effects on sexual function.

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios traz problemas estéticos e de comprometimento do comportamento íntimo e social. As técnicas existentes, via de regra, propõem excisão do excesso de tecido e reaproximação das bordas; entretanto, diferenças anatômicas são comuns e, frequentemente, observa-se hipertrofia do prepúcio do clitóris associada a aumento dos pequenos lábios. Essas alterações, se não tratadas adequadamente, limitam o resultado, podendo produzir sequelas estéticas e funcionais. Este trabalho propõe uma classificação dos tipos de hipertrofia, com tratamento diferenciado para cada um deles, além de refinamentos técnicos na abordagem da hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 20 casos de plástica genital feminina, realizada no Centro de Cirurgia Plástica de Brasília e Hospital das Forças Armadas, no período de junho de 1999 a março de 2008. As pacientes foram classificadas em três grupos, de acordo com o grau e a localização da hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios. RESULTADOS: As pacientes mostraram-se muito satisfeitas com o aspecto estético proporcionado pela cirurgia. Não foram verificadas complicações relacionadas aos procedimentos realizados. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico dos pequenos lábios de acordo com o protocolo proposto pelos autores, baseado no tipo de hipertrofia. CONCLUSÕES: Os procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados, propostos de acordo com a classificação da hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios, permitiram a obtenção de resultados estéticos e funcionais satisfatórios, proporcionando à paciente oportunidade de redução do excesso dos pequenos lábios e do prepúcio do clitóris, sem criar estigmas cirúrgicos ou diminuição da sensibilidade, não prejudicando, portanto, a função sexual.

Tratamento cirúrgico da hipertrofia clitoriana / Surgical treatment of clitorian hypertrophy

Segundo vários autores, a hipertrofia discreta do clitóris está presente em 25%das mulheres. Quando o volume passa a incomodar no ato sexual, acompanhado ou nãode distúrbios psicológicos, as pacientes buscam inicialmente ajuda de ginecologistas ouendocrinologistas e não raramente são encaminhadas à cirurgia plástica para a resoluçãodos problemas. Método: Nossa experiência é baseada em 9 pacientes, durante 15 anos,portadoras de genitália ambígua, submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico. Foram selecionados3 casos para ilustrar os resultados obtidos com a técnica. Duas pacientes com hipertrofiaclitoriana do tipo II de Prader foram selecionadas; uma de origem adquirida na idade adulta,e outra de origem possivelmente congênita. A terceira paciente apresentava anomaliassexuais múltiplas, de origem congênita: agenesia de vagina, hipertrofia clitoriana, presençade ovários e testículos atrofiados, pseudo-hermafroditismo feminino, catalogada como tipoV de Prader. Todos os três pacientes foram submetidas a redução do clitóris pela dissecçãoda cobertura músculo-cutânea (desenluvamento) e sepultamento do corpo clitoriano porsutura. Resultados: Os procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados preservaram a estética e asensibilidade, com redução das dimensões do clitóris. Conclusão: Os procedimentos apresentamrelativa simplicidade, porém dentro de critérios

Moderate clitoris hypertrophy has been described in 25% of the women.When its shape and volume disturb at the sexual activity, combined or not by psychologicalproblems, initially patients search for help from gynecologists and or by endocrinologistsand not rarely are send to plastic surgeons. Our experience is based on 9 patients withambiguous external genitalia, submitted to these surgeries during the last 15 years. Threecases were selected to demonstrate the obtained results with the technique. Two femalepatients with Prader type II clitoris aspect were selected; one of them presents the problemat adult age and, in the other, the etiology was possible congenital. The third patients presentedhypertrophic clitoris combined with pseudo-hermaphroditism with ovarium, atrophictesticles as described in Prader Type V. Methods: The all three patients were submitted toclitoris reduction by dissection of the mucous-cutaneous covering and its excess buried bysuture. The third patient with pseudo-hermaphroditism had also neo-vagina reconstruction.Results: The surgical procedures preserved esthetic and sensibility, with clitoris dimensionsreduction. Conclusion: The surgical procedures presented moderate simplicity, but withinthe surgical criteria to preserve the functions and the external genitalia anatomy.

Simetrização estético funcional da vulva com retalho tubular de coxa interna / Aesthetic and functional vulvar simetrization with tubular flap of the internal thigh

O estudo demonstra a técnica proposta pelos autores na resolução de um quadro dramático de seqüela pubiana pós-traumática, causando assimetria pubiana e desconforto social. Isto porque durante o ato da micção o jato urinário era ejetado na coxa esquerda da paciente. O tratamento consistiu na confecção de um retalho na coxa interna, que após ser desepidermizado e tubulizado e foi introduzido na intimidade do arcabouço cutâneo da labia major. A tática proporcionou além da simetrização anatômica com a lábia major contra-lateral, também a medianização do jato urinário.

In this study a successfully resolution of a pos- traumatic deformity of the unilateral lábia major in a 20 year old woman is demonstrated. The strategy based in a pre-delayd cutaneous flap of the inner thigh that was deepitelized and introduced into the inner part of the labia major cutaneous tunnel. The result showed a good symmetry of the pubis with medianization of the urinary stream. The authors proposed this technique to treat similar deformity and as an option to threat the natural senile labia major atrophy in post-menopause women.

Melanoma de vulva / Vulvar melanoma: case report

Melanoma de mucosa da genitália feminina é neoplasia rara com prognóstico reservado. Somente nove séries com mais de 40 pacientes foram publicadoas nos últimos 30 anos. A raridade desses casos torna a avaliação de métodos de estadiamento, tratamento e estimativas de sobrevida difíceis de serem consensuados. A disseminação metastática é preferencialmente para os linfonos inguinais. Dessa forma, de acordo com muitos autores, a vulvectomia radical, devido à agressividade da doença, associada à linfadenectomia uni ou bilateral em todos os estágios de melanoma, é o tratamento de escolha. No entanto, outros autores defedem cirurgias menos radicais, não havendo consenso sobre a melhor opção terapêutica, já que trata-se de uma doença rara com prognóstico bastantereservado. Apresentamos um caso de melanoma vulvar tratado com vulvectomia radical e linfadenectomia inguinal liberal.

Anterior sagittal transanorectal approach and passerini-glazel procedure: two surgical techniques combined for severely masculinized adrenogenital syndrome

A 46XX patient raised as boy, affected by severely masculinized female adrenogenital syndrome [congenital adrenogenital hyperplasia] received female sex assignment and underwent a one-stage clitorovulvoplasty and vaginoplasty at the age of 3 years. The patient was never hospitalized, in spite of persistent vomiting from birth and the appearance of pubic hair and facial acne at 1 year and 6 months of age. At the age of 2 years and 10 months, the correct diagnosis of female congenital adrenogenital hyperplasia was finally reached. The father took the final, difficult decision of gender reversal and the patient was prepared for a surgical program of genital reconstruction. At the time of the operation, the uncircumcised penis had an absolute normal male appearance, the stretched penile length was 7 cm and the scrotum was flat and empty. An abdominal ultrasound showed normal ovaries and uterus. The voiding cystourethrography did not show the presence of vaginal opening, therefore the preliminary endoscopic evaluation was mandatory. Inside of a very long urogenital sinus, a high implanted, narrow vaginal introitus was found at about 1.5 cm below the bladder neck. A one-stage clitorovaginovulvoplasty was performed utilizing the anterior sagittal transanorectal approach, without colostomy, and the Passerini-Glazel technique. At nine-month follow-up, the appearance of external genitalia was extremely satisfactory, the urethral meatus and vaginal introitus were definitely separate. In conclusion, a satisfactory restoration of a normal genital anatomy was carried out in a case of delayed diagnosis of severely masculinized female congenital adrenogenital hyperplasia with a remarkably high-ending and small vagina, which represents the extreme form in the spectrum of the diseases. An earlier surgical reconstruction would have allowed enormous psychological and surgical advantages in this case of clearly wrong sex assignment at birth. A small, high implanted vagina presents more of a surgical challenge, especially at the age of 3 years, but the result obtained in this case confirms the feasibility of vaginal reconstruction, together with clitorovulvoplasty, in a one-stage procedure, using the combination of the anterior sagittal transanorectal approach and Passerini-Glazel procedures